The VBA Union method in Excel is designed to combine ranges into a single range. You can use VBA Union to combine multiple ranges based on a common criteria, like all positive numbers, or even use it to select a subset of a larger range.

This tutorial will introduce you to the VBA Union method and provide several examples to show you its limitations and teach you how to properly use it.

Basic VBA Union Macro

We’re going to start this tutorial with a basic Union example. Stick with us though because soon we’ll be discussing some very important limitations of the VBA Union method.

Sub BasicUnionDemo()
    Dim rng1 As Range
    Set rng1 = Union(Range("A1:C4"), Range("E1:F4"))
    rng1.Select
End Sub

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Using VBA Union Method

When you run this macro, the ranges A1:C4 and E1:F4 are combined into one range, which we stored in variable rng1. Notice how we use the Set keyword to set our unified range to the variable rng1. You can’t assign the combined range to the variable without the Set keyword.

After the union method is applied to the ranges, the macro selects the newly combined range, so you’re left with this:

VBA Union to Combine Ranges

It’s worthwhile to mention that the VBA Union method isn’t actually a global VBA method. It’s really a member of the Excel Type Library, so it technically should be entered like Application.Union(...). Since we’re typically working directly in Excel when applying the Union method, we’re going to drop the Application and simply use the shorthand Union(...) notation here.

Working with the Combined Range

Selecting the combined range is just one of many things you can do with your newly created range object. You can iterate through each item in your combined range with a simple For Loop, like this:

Sub BasicUnionDemo2()
    Dim rng1 As Range
    Dim item As Range
    Set rng1 = Union(Range("A1:C4"), Range("E1:F4"))
    
    For Each item In rng1
        Debug.Print item.Address
    Next item
End Sub

When you run this macro, the address of each item in the range rng1 is printed to your immediate window, which you can open by pressing Ctrl+G from your VBA Editor.

$A$1
$B$1
$C$1
$A$2
$B$2
$C$2
$A$3
$B$3
$C$3
$A$4
$B$4
$C$4
$E$1
$F$1
$E$2
$F$2
$E$3
$F$3
$E$4
$F$4

Select Subset of a Range with VBA Union

One creative use for the VBA Union method is to use it to select a subset of cells in a range based on common criteria. For example, let’s say we wanted to store all the positive numbers in a column to a single variable. How would you do that?

One way to do it is to iterate through each item in the column and apply the union method to each new positive number you encounter. There are simpler ways to do this, but we’re here to demonstrate the VBA Union method.

To start, assume we have this dataset in our spreadsheet.

VBA Union Example with Column of Numbers

We’re going to loop through each row in this column and store each positive number in a shared range. To make things interesting, we’re actually going to use Union to store all zeroes in a range, all positive numbers in a range, and all negative numbers in a range. That way, you can see the true power of organizing your data into separate ranges using the Union method. Doing it this way will also highlight some of the limitations of the Union method.

Take a look at this macro:

Store numbers in different ranges based on value

Sub VBAUnionDemo()
    Dim rngPOSITIVE As Range
    Dim rngNEGATIVE As Range
    Dim rngZERO As Range
    Dim LastRow As Long
    Dim i As Long
    
    LastRow = Range("A" & Rows.Count).End(xlUp).Row
    'categorize our ranges
    For i = 1 To LastRow
        If IsNumeric(Range("A" & i)) Then
            If Range("A" & i) > 0 Then
                If rngPOSITIVE Is Nothing Then
                     Set rngPOSITIVE = Range("A" & i)
                Else
                    Set rngPOSITIVE = Union(Range("A" & i), rngPOSITIVE)
                End If
            ElseIf Range("A" & i) < 0 Then
                If rngNEGATIVE Is Nothing Then
                     Set rngNEGATIVE = Range("A" & i)
                Else
                    Set rngNEGATIVE = Union(Range("A" & i), rngNEGATIVE)
                End If
            Else 'equals zero
                If rngZERO Is Nothing Then
                     Set rngZERO = Range("A" & i)
                Else
                    Set rngZERO = Union(Range("A" & i), rngZERO)
                End If
            End If
        End If
    Next i

    'post-process our ranges
    rngPOSITIVE.Select
    rngNEGATIVE.Font.Color = vbRed
    rngZERO.Font.Italic = True
End Sub

In this example, we use the VBA IsNumeric function to check if a cell is a number. If it is, we then categorize it based on value (greater than 0, less than 0, equal to 0).

Again, there are definitely quicker ways to produce results like this, but we’re here to demonstrate how you can use the Union method in your own macros. Once you run this macro, your final column will look like this:

Select Subset of Range with VBA Union

Negative values will be red, cells equal to zero will be italicized, and all positive values will be selected.

VBA Union Limitations

Undefined (Nothing) parameters

The macro above highlights one of the primary limitations of the VBA Union method. Notice how we have an IF statement like this after testing the value of each cell:

If rngPOSITIVE Is Nothing Then

We have to perform this check because the Union method can’t combine ranges if one of the ranges doesn’t exist. In other words, until we define rngPOSITIVE the first time, we can’t include it in our Union statement.

If we try to include a range equal to Nothing in a Union expression, we’ll get an “invalid procedure call or argument” error:

VBA Union Error when Range is Nothing

The first time you encounter a cell fitting your criteria, you have to add it to your range the traditional way, like this:

Set rngPOSITIVE = Range("A" & i)

After the range is defined the first time, you can add to the existing range with the Union command.

VBA Union on overlapping ranges

The second limitation deals with duplicates in a range. It’s important to point out that the VBA Union method is not the same as the mathematical Union operation. If the ranges you want to combine intersect, VBA Union will list the intersecting ranges twice. Take the following macro, for example.

Sub UnionDemoIntersection()
    Dim rng1 As Range
    Dim item As Range
    Set rng1 = Union(Range("A1:B3"), Range("B2:C4"))
    rng1.Select
    
    For Each item In rng1
        Debug.Print item.Address
    Next item
End Sub

In this example, the two ranges overlap, which is obvious when you select the combined range:

VBA Union of Overlapping Ranges

Now take a look at you immediate window. You’ll notice that B2 and B3 are printed twice.

$A$1
$B$1
$A$2
$B$2
$A$3
$B$3
$B$2
$C$2
$B$3
$C$3
$B$4
$C$4

Because the intersecting ranges are included in your range twice, you’ll need to be careful when using the combined range in your macro.

Closing Thoughts

I use the VBA Union method often when I want to combine all the cells meeting a complex criteria into a common range. How do you plan on using the VBA Union method?

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